Alerta en China por un nuevo virus que infecta a humanos: ¿debemos preocuparnos? / A New Virus Has Been Detected in China. Should You Be Worried About Langya Henipavirus?

El hallazgo del Langya henipavirus, y su asociación a una enfermedad con múltiples síntomas en humanos, justifica una mayor investigación y vigilancia de este nuevo virus

El pasado 4 de agosto, la revista The New England Journal of Medicine publicó un estudio que alertaba de la detección, en las provincias chinas de Henan y Shandong, de al menos 35 personas infectadas con un nuevo tipo de Henipavirus. Es una mala noticia.

Entre los muchos virus infecciosos emergentes, el género Henipavirus, perteneciente a la familia Paramyxoviridae, es de particular preocupación debido a las altas tasas de mortalidad en humanos que presentan algunos miembros del género, como los virus Hendra (HeV) y Nipah (NiV).

Microbiólogos en alerta
El reciente descubrimiento de numerosos henipavirus en murciélagos y roedores salvajes –incluidos los virus Cedar (CedV), Kumasi (KuV) y Mojiang (MojV)– y la evidencia de que pueden infectar a las poblaciones humanas, han elevado aún más la preocupación con respecto a su diversidad y a sus potenciales zoonóticos, patógenos y pandémicos.

Desde 2012 han sido descubiertos, en varios análisis virales realizados por muchos grupos de investigación internacionales, al menos 20 clados divergentes de henipavirus. Tal situación revela que el universo de este tipo de microorganismos todavía es completamente desconocido para nosotros. De nuevo, es una mala noticia.

Un amplio abanico de síntomas
Algunos henipavirus son patógenos zoonóticos –transmitidos por animales– que causan dificultad respiratoria aguda grave y enfermedades neurológicas en humanos. El nuevo henipavirus ha sido denominado Langya henipavirus (LayV), está relacionado filogenéticamente con el virus Mojiang y fue descubierto durante la vigilancia centinela de pacientes febriles con un historial reciente de exposición a animales en el este de China.

Los síntomas que provoca incluyen fiebre, cansancio, tos, anorexia, mialgia, náuseas, vómitos, leucopenia (disminución de glóbulos blancos), trombocitopenia (déficit de plaquetas) y deterioro de la función hepática y renal.

La musaraña, sospechosa número uno
La posibilidad de sea un virus de origen zoonótico impulsó a analizar 25 especies de pequeños animales salvajes. El ARN del Langya henipavirus fue detectado predominantemente en musarañas (27 %). Este hallazgo sugiere que la musaraña puede ser un reservorio natural del virus. Por convergencia evolutiva, este animal se asemeja a un pequeño ratón de hocico alargado, pero en realidad no es un roedor.

En 2021 fueron descubiertos en Corea del Sur dos nuevos henipavirus aislados de musarañas del género Crocidura. Las musarañas son uno de los grupos de mamíferos más grandes y abundantes del mundo, y las especies del género Crocidura constituyen reservorios naturales que transportan patógenos perjudiciales para los humanos. Están ampliamente distribuidas en hábitats como áreas rurales, campos agrícolas y bosques.

De hecho, recientemente han sido identificados en Alemania varios casos de pacientes con encefalitis causada por el virus de la enfermedad de Borna 1, transmitido por musarañas. Además, estas albergan otros patógenos zoonóticos, incluidos arenavirus, coronavirus, hantavirus, rotavirus y hepadnavirus.

¿Se transmite entre humanos?
En el análisis actual, el rastreo de contactos de 9 pacientes con 15 miembros familiares cercanos no reveló transmisión del Langya henipavirus por contacto estrecho. De todos modos, el tamaño de muestra del estudio es demasiado pequeño para determinar si el virus puede transmitirse de persona a persona.

Desde luego, el hallazgo del Langya henipavirus, y su asociación a una enfermedad con múltiples síntomas en humanos, justifica una mayor investigación y vigilancia de este nuevo virus.

Además, los estudios metagenómicos y la vigilancia continua en pequeños mamíferos de potenciales nuevos virus patógenos humanos brindan pistas para establecer estrategias preventivas y de mitigación contra nuevas enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes.The Conversation

Raúl Rivas González, Catedrático de Microbiología, Universidad de Salamanca

Por The Conversation -agosto 21, 2022

A New Virus Has Been Detected in China. Should You Be Worried About Langya Henipavirus?

A new virus, Langya henipavirus, is suspected to have caused infections in 35 people in China’s Shandong and Henan provinces over roughly a two-year period to 2021.

It’s related to Hendra and Nipah viruses, which cause disease in humans. However, there’s much we don’t know about the new virus – known as LayV for short – including whether it spreads from human to human.

Here’s what we know so far.

How sick are people getting?
Researchers in China first detected this new virus as part of routine surveillance in people with a fever who had reported recent contact with animals. Once the virus was identified, the researchers looked for the virus in other people.

Symptoms reported appeared to be mostly mild – fever, fatigue, cough, loss of appetite, muscle aches, nausea and headache – although we don’t know how long the patients were unwell.

A smaller proportion had potentially more serious complications, including pneumonia, and abnormalities in liver and kidney function. However, the severity of these abnormalities, the need for hospitalization, and whether any cases were fatal were not reported.

Where did this virus come from?
The authors also investigated whether domestic or wild animals may have been the source of the virus. Although they found a small number of goats and dogs that may have been infected with the virus in the past, there was more direct evidence a significant proportion of wild shrews were harboring the virus.

This suggests humans may have caught the virus from wild shrews.

Does this virus actually cause this disease?
The researchers used a modern technique known as metagenomic analysis to find this new virus. Researchers sequence all genetic material then discard the “known” sequences (for example, human DNA) to look for “unknown” sequences that might represent a new virus.

This raises the question about how scientists can tell whether a particular virus causes the disease.

We have traditionally used “Koch’s postulates” to determine whether a particular micro-organism causes disease:

it must be found in people with the disease and not in well people
it must be able to be isolated from people with the disease
the isolate from people with the disease must cause the disease if given to a healthy person (or animal)
it must be able to be re-isolated from the healthy person after they become ill.
The authors acknowledge this new virus doesn’t yet meet these criteria, and the relevance of these criteria in the modern era has been questioned.

However, the authors say they didn’t find any other cause of the illness in 26 people, there was evidence 14 people’s immune systems had responded to the virus, and people who were more unwell had more virus.

What can we learn from related viruses?
This new virus appears to be a close cousin of two other viruses that are significant in humans: Nipah virus and Hendra virus. This family of viruses was the inspiration for the fictional MEV-1 virus in the film Contagion.

Hendra virus was first reported in Queensland in 1994, when it caused the deaths of 14 horses and the trainer Vic Rail.

Many outbreaks in horses have been reported in Queensland and northern New South Wales since, and are generally thought to be due to “spillover” infections from flying foxes.

In total, seven human cases of Hendra virus have been reported in Australia (mostly veterinarians working with sick horses), including four deaths.

Nipah virus is more significant globally, with outbreaks frequently reported in Bangladesh.

The severity of infection can range from very mild to fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

The first outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore was reported in people who had close contact with pigs. However, it is thought more recent outbreaks have been due to food contaminated with the urine or saliva of infected bats.

Significantly, Nipah virus appears to be transmitted from person to person, mostly among household contacts.

What do we need to find out next?
Little is known about this new virus, and the currently reported cases are likely to be the tip of the iceberg.

At this stage, there is no indication the virus can spread from human to human.

Further work is required to determine how severe the infection can be, how it spreads, and how widespread it might be in China and the region.

Update: this article has been updated to say the cases were detected over roughly a two-year period to 2021. By ALLEN CHENG, THE CONVERSATION